SCIENCE
PROGRAMS AT WILLIAMS COLLEGE
Students learn science best by formulating and testing their own
hypotheses, using methods capable of producing convincing evidence. This is
true at the elementary level, where students become interested in further study
by encountering science as discovery rather than rote facts. It is even more
important at advanced levels, where students are most likely to become
interested in science careers by working as fully involved junior colleagues
with professionally active faculty on research projects that develop new
science. The ability to conduct competitive research at Williams helps to
attract talented scientists as faculty and keeps them current, so that the
diverse range of science courses reflects new results and perspectives. For
faculty to involve students in research, to produce publishable results, to
compete for research funding, to teach effectively in a formal classroom
setting, and to continually bring modern ideas into course laboratories,
requires substantial support in the way of modern facilities, instrumentation,
supplies and technical support. Williams College long ago recognized this need.
With the construction of the Bronfman Science Center in the nineteen sixties, we
established the kind of facilities and support programs recommended by studies
such as the 1986 National Science Board Task Committee on Undergraduate Science
and Engineering Education. As our science buildings have been upgraded to
provide modern facilities for teaching and student-faculty research, the model
of the entire science division as a programmatic unit has flourished. Funds for
major equipment, for individual student-faculty research projects, and for
stipend support of students doing research with faculty are coordinated on a
division-wide basis by the Science Executive Committee and the Divisional
Research Funding Committee. By working together, we are able to share not only
facilities and equipment, but also ideas and enthusiasm, and so provide a
“critical mass” of activity that might not be possible within an
individual department at a small institution.
About fourteen years ago, Williams College affirmed its commitment to
training future scientists by establishing a mechanism for identifying
applicants with an expressed interest in pursuing a Ph.D. in science. Since
that time, about 15% of each incoming class have expressed interest in careers
in science. The high quality of the College’s science programs has
maintained this interest and nearly all of those students continue in science.
Thus, in the past decade Williams College has become a leader in the training of
future scientists with more than 50 students going on to Ph.D. programs in
science each year. The quality of this training is evidenced by the number of
National Science Foundation (NSF) Predoctoral Fellowships awarded to Williams
graduates in the past nine years. During that time, Williams has ranked first
among predominantly undergraduate institutions, averaging about 10 NSF
Fellowships per year. We attribute this success to an energetic science faculty
dedicated to excellence in teaching and to the numerous research opportunities
available to Williams students at advanced as well as introductory levels. It
has long been recognized that a positive undergraduate research experience is
the single most important inspiration for future scientists. As documented
later in this report, more than 200 students were engaged in research with
Williams faculty this year. More than 80 students conducted independent
research projects during the academic year and 140 students were engaged in
full-time research with Williams science faculty during the summer. Dozens of
Williams students participated in conferences where they presented the results
of their research, and many Williams students co-authored publications in
peer-reviewed journals.
Concurrent with the increased student involvement in science, Williams has
attracted talented and vibrant science faculty engaged in competitive research
and dedicated to teaching undergraduates. As a result, the number of external
grants awarded to support faculty research or curricular innovations has
increased significantly. With 34 active NSF grants this past year, Williams
College ranks first among undergraduate institutions in the number of NSF grants
awarded to science faculty. The large number of individual faculty grants,
together with grants from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Essel
Foundation, the Kresge Foundation, the Keck Foundation, and other sources, have
enabled us to purchase and maintain sophisticated equipment for teaching and
research. Emphasizing close student-faculty interactions, the opportunities in
undergraduate science education at Williams are exciting, diverse, and
progressive.
After years of careful planning by science faculty, construction of a $47
million science facility, which unifies all science departments in a single
complex surrounding a central science library, was completed in Fall 2000. The
new Science Center, as the complex is now called, will ensure Williams’
place as a leader in undergraduate science education as we enter the next
century. To celebrate the opening of the Science Center, the College awarded
honorary degrees to eight distinguished scientists, selected by each of the
science departments, during a special convocation ceremony in September. During
an extended weekend that included convocation and the dedication of the Science
Center, each of the honored scientists presented lectures to standing-room-only
audiences in the new Wege Auditorium. To accommodate the large numbers in
attendance, the lectures were broadcast in three additional lecture halls in the
Science Center. The convocation address, entitled “The Wellspring of
Discovery,” was given by Rita Rossi Colwell, Director of the National
Science Foundation and a pioneer in the fields of biotechnology and marine
science. The other speakers included:
Thomas R. Cech “Tricks Performed by RNA, With and Without
Proteins”
Nobel Laureate, President of the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, and discoverer of the catalytic properties of RNA.
Jocelyn Bell Burnell “Tick, Tick, Tick Pulsating Star, How We
Wonder What You Are”
Discoverer of pulsars—one of the most
important discoveries in astronomy in the past century.
Donald Knuth “Dancing Links”
Author of “The Art
of Computer Programming” and a leading figure in the development of
computer science as a distinct discipline.
Edward R. Tufte “Visual Explanations”
Preeminent
authority on the visual display of data and author of “The Visual Display
of Quantitative Information” and “Envisioning
Information.”
George A. Miller “Ambiguous Words”
Author of classic
papers on how the human mind makes sense of the world, including
“The Magical Number Seven”
Daniel E. Kleppner ’53
“Two Hundred Years of Quantum Physics”
Co-inventor of the
hydrogen maser and leader in the fields of atomic physics and high precision
measurements.
William B.F. Ryan ’61 “The Catastrophic Flooding of the
Black Sea: Any Resonance to the Story of Noah?”
Developer of advanced
instrumentation for the study of the seabed
Freshman
& Sophomore Discovery Courses
Seven years ago Williams College was awarded a five-year grant from the
Ford Foundation Initiative for Undergraduate Science Education to support the
development of “discovery” courses in the sciences. Although the
grant has expired, most of these special introductory science courses (described
below) have become integral parts of our curriculum. Designed to excite the
interest of beginning students through hands-on experiences, the discovery
courses are typically taught in a manner that requires students to take a
greater responsibility for their own education. They are expected to make
observations, formulate hypotheses, gather data, conduct analyses, and evaluate
outcomes without the faculty providing them with the anticipated results in
advance. The great success of these courses has led to the incorporation of the
discovery approach to teaching science in upper-level courses as well.
CHEM 106 & 108: Concepts of Chemistry, Special
& Advanced Laboratory Sections
While covering the same lecture material as other introductory chemistry
classes, a special, enriched laboratory program includes activities, which more
closely resemble the unpredictable nature and immediacy of true chemical
research. Students synthesize, isolate and characterize a family of unknown
material in a series of related experiments constituting an integrated,
semester-long investigation.
ENVI 102: Introduction to Environmental
Science
Taught by a biologist, chemist, and a geologist; the lectures, readings,
laboratories and discussions in this course concentrate on integrating basic
aspects of each of these disciplines as they apply to the analysis of
environmental problems. Laboratory work includes botanical and geological
observations in the field and the use of sophisticated instruments to perform
chemical and biologic measurements in the laboratory.
Henry Art (Biology), Birgit Koehler (Chemistry) and David DeSimone
(Geoscience), were the instructors in the spring. The course focused on the
research site on Ford Glen Brook in the Hopkins Memorial Forest for field and
lab investigations.
GEO 105: Geology Outdoors
An introduction to geology through student field projects. The mountains,
lakes, rivers, and valleys of the Williamstown area provide unusual
opportunities for learning geology in the field. Student projects will include
the study of streams as active agents of erosion and deposition, the effects of
glaciation on the New England landscape, and the history of mountain building in
the Appalachians. Following several group projects introducing the techniques
of field geology, students will pursue independent projects on subjects of
particular interest to them.
Essel Foundation Grant
for Neuroscience
In July 1999, the college received a continuing grant of $750,000 from
Connie and Steve Lieber, Class of ’47, to support research in
neuroscience. The primary intent of this award, which began in 1992, is to
involve students in state-of-the-art neuroscience research. During the summer
of 2000, eleven Williams students were selected as Essel fellows. These
students spent the summer working on research projects with individual faculty
members. Most continued their research with either honors theses or independent
study work during the 1999-2000 academic year.
The Essel Foundation grant also greatly facilitated the laboratory
exercises in both the Introduction to Neuroscience course and the
upper-level Neurobiology course. The new neuroscience laboratory in the
Morley Science Center, established in conjunction with the Hughes Foundation
Grant and with additional support from the college, has allowed students in the
introductory course to gain a substantial amount of hands-on laboratory
experience in neuroscience at a level beyond that usually provided to beginning
undergraduates. It has also allowed a greater number of students to participate
in advanced research. Essel funding was also used to support two full-time
positions to assist in running the neuroscience laboratories. Dr. Noah
Sandstrom of the Psychology Department doubles as the Senior Essel Fellow, and
Dave Walfish (’00) served as the Junior Essel Fellow.
The grant also funded a visit from a promising young neuroscientist, Dr
Grae Davis (Williams '90); not only did he provide an account of his research
findings, but he also provided inspiration for current students. The Essel
award will continue to fund this program as well as additional endeavors, such
as summer research support for faculty, and support for student research during
the academic year. The Neuroscience Program is very fortunate to have such
generous support for this rapidly growing area of science.
Hughes Grant (Howard
Hughes Medical Institute)
Williams College has received 2.3 million dollars in support of a number of
science initiatives from Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) since 1991.
These funds have provided summer research opportunities for Williams students,
have helped strengthen the curriculum through the purchase of equipment and the
support of laboratory development, and have funded elementary and high school
outreach programs. Williams College has recently been awarded a new four-year
grant of $800,000 from the HHMI. This grant will allow the strengthening of
some existing programs as well as the initiation of others. “These grants
are highly competitive, and we are fortunate to receive continued support from
the HHMI,” reports Steven Zottoli, the director of the HHMI grants at
Williams and the Schow Professor of Biology.
The new grant will allow the college to continue support of Williams
College students to conduct original research in faculty laboratories on campus
during the summer. In addition, funds are available to allow students to attend
scientific meetings to present their results. A new initiative will provide the
opportunity for six students to spend eight weeks at the Marine Biological
Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA participating in courses, meeting various
scientists, and conducting original research.
The Williamstown Elementary School outreach program that was initiated in
1996 will be continued and augmented. In addition, we will be initiating a
similar program at the Brayton Elementary School in North Adams. Williams
College students are placed in elementary classrooms and computer laboratories
to help teachers in the development and implementation of their science
curriculum. In addition, the grant supports a summer science camp for
elementary school students and their teachers and a technology camp for
elementary school teachers.
A summer outreach program for Berkshire County high school students was
initiated in 1991. This month-long program continues to bring four high school
students to Williams College each summer to study with Williams faculty and
students.
Kresge
Foundation Equipment Grant
In 1990, Williams was awarded a grant from the Kresge Foundation to replace
and update major items of scientific equipment and instrumentation. This
three-part grant is being used not only to purchase new equipment, but to
support maintenance contracts and the repair of instruments as well. One aspect
of the grant is that the College sets aside endowment funds for the depreciation
and eventual replacement of items purchased under the grant.
The College has purchased and is maintaining a 24 inch optical telescope, a
gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, a transmission electron microscope, an
ultraviolet/visible/near infrared spectrophotometer, and an x-ray diffraction
instrument with these funds. In conjunction with funds awarded through the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant, the Kresge grant was also used to
purchase a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer. In addition, endowment
funds were used this year to replace earlier models of both an atomic absorption
spectrometer and an ion chromatograph. These expensive pieces of core equipment
are heavily used by faculty and students, especially in collaborative research
projects.
SMALL
SMALL is a special summer research program in Mathematics funded by the
National Science Foundation and the Bronfman Science Center. Anywhere from 15
to 25 students split into groups of three to five, and work on solving open
research problems. Each group has a single faculty advisor. In the past,
students have published their results in mathematics research journals and given
talks at a variety of math conferences around the country. In the summer of
2001, there will be a total of 17 students working in commutative algebra,
number theory, ergodic theory, geometry, and knot theory.
Major Programs
The Astronomy Department offers courses for anyone who is interested
in studying and learning about the universe, and who would like to be able to
follow new astronomical discoveries as they are made. Students can choose
between broad non-mathematical survey courses and a more technical introductory
course designed for those planning further study in astronomy or another
science. As part of the astronomy observing program, all students in the
introductory courses use the 24-inch telescope and other telescopes and
instruments on the observing deck to study a variety of astronomical objects.
The Astronomy major is designed for students with a serious intellectual
interest in learning about many aspects of modern astronomy, but who might not
have planned to undertake physics and math in the more intensive astrophysics
major. The Astronomy major emphasizes understanding the observed properties of
the physical systems that comprise the known universe, from the Sun and solar
system to the evolution of stars and star clusters, to the Milky Way Galaxy, to
external galaxies and clusters of galaxies, out to quasars and active galaxies.
Students considering a major in astronomy, or a double major including
astronomy, should consult with members of the Department about appropriate
beginning courses. The Astrophysics major is designed primarily for students
who plan graduate study in astronomy, astrophysics or a related field. The
major emphasizes the structure of the universe and its constituents in terms of
physical processes. Majors in astrophysics usually begin their program with
ASTR 111 Introduction to Astrophysics as well as basic physics courses.
Intermediate and advanced level seminars introduce astrophysics majors to
current research topics in astronomy, while parallel study of physics completes
their preparation for graduate work in astronomy or employment in a related
field. Independent research, extensive use of the observational and image
processing computer facilities, field work at remote observatories or on eclipse
expeditions and close working relationships with faculty are hallmarks of the
Astronomy and Astrophysics majors.
The Biological Sciences are in a constant state of flux that is
reforming our entire view of living systems. Significant breakthroughs are
occurring at all levels; from the theoretical to the practical, from health
related fields to environmental studies, from animal behavior to molecular
biology and biochemistry. In response to these needs, the Biology curriculum
has been designed not only to keep pace with new developments in the field, but
also to afford students as broad a base as possible for understanding the
principles governing life processes. Four courses BIOL 101: The Cell;
BIOL 102: The Organism; BIOL 202: Genetics; and a 400 level senior
seminar are required for the major. In addition, five electives may be selected
from a wide range of courses including those in cellular biology, immunology,
biochemistry, molecular biology, developmental biology, physiology,
neurophysiology, ecology and animal behavior. Every course emphasizes the
latest concepts and introduces techniques and instrumentation used in modern
biological research. Although the Biology major is specifically designed to
provide a balanced curriculum in the broader context of the liberal arts for any
interested student, it is also an excellent preparation for graduate studies in
medicine and life sciences.
The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program is designed to
provide students with an opportunity to explore living systems in molecular
terms. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology are dynamic fields that lie at the
interface between biology and chemistry. Current applications range from the
diagnosis and treatment of disease to enzyme chemistry, developmental biology,
and the engineering of new crop plants. After completing the introductory
biology and chemistry courses and organic chemistry, a student would normally
take core courses in the program: BIMO 321, Biochemistry I - Structure and
Function of Biological Molecules, and BIMO 322, Biochemistry II -
Metabolism. These courses, taken in conjunction with courses in genetics
and molecular genetics, establish a solid background in biochemistry and
molecular biology. The advanced courses and electives available from the
Chemistry and Biology Department offerings encourage students’ exploration
of individual interests in a wide variety of topics. Completion of the BIMO
Program provides exceptional preparation for graduate study in all aspects of
biochemistry, molecular biology, and the medical sciences.
Through a variety of individual courses and sequential programs, the
Chemistry Department provides an opportunity for students to explore
chemistry, an area of important achievement for knowledge about ourselves, and
the world around us. For those who elect to major in chemistry, the
introductory courses, CHEM 101-102, Concepts of Chemistry (or CHEM
103-104 for those who qualify) are followed by intermediate and advanced courses
in organic, inorganic, physical and biochemistry. These provide a thorough
preparation for graduate study in chemistry, chemical engineering, biochemistry,
environmental science, medicine and the medical sciences. Advanced independent
study courses focus on the knowledge learned earlier and provide the opportunity
to conduct original research in a specific field. For those who elect to
explore the science of chemistry while majoring in other areas, the Chemistry
Department offers a variety of courses that introduce the fundamentals of
chemistry in a context designed to provide students with an enriching
understanding of our natural world. Non-majors may investigate chemistry
through the following courses: CHEM 113, Chemistry and Crime: From Sherlock
Holmes to Modern Forensic Science; CHEM 115, AIDS: The Disease and Search
for a Cure; CHEM 119, Chemistry for the Consumer in the Twenty-first
Century; and CHEM 121, Fighting Disease: The Evolution and
Operation of Human Medicines.
Computers play an enormously important role in our society. The
Computer Science Department seeks to provide students with an
understanding of the principles underlying computer science that will enable
them to understand and participate in exciting developments in this young field.
The department recognizes that students’ interests in computer science
vary widely, and attempts to meet these varying interests through 1) its major
program; 2) a selection of courses intended primarily for those who are
interested in a brief introduction to computer science or who seek to develop
some specific expertise in computing for applications in some other discipline;
and 3) recommendations for possible sequences of courses for the non-major who
wants a more extensive introduction to computer science. Macintosh computers
and powerful UNIX workstations, connected via an Ethernet network, enhance
computing opportunities for students at all levels. The first course for majors
and others intending to take more than a single computer science course is CSCI
134, Introduction to Computer Science. Upper level courses include
computer organization, algorithm design, computer graphics, principles of
programming languages, artificial intelligence, theory of computing, parallel
processing, networks, operating systems, software engineering and compiler
design. The computer science major is designed to provide preparation for
advance study of computer science and high level career opportunities, as well
as imply a deeper appreciation of current knowledge and the challenges of
computer science. For those students interested in learning more about
important new ideas and developments in computer science, but who are not
necessarily interested in developing extensive programming skills, the
department offers three courses. CSCI 109 introduces students to the techniques
of computer graphics, CSCI 108 provides an introduction to the field of
Artificial Intelligence, and CSCI 105 presents an introduction to the technology
behind the World Wide Web.
The academic Program in Environmental Studies commenced soon after
the establishment of the Center for Environmental Studies at Williams in 1967.
The ENVI Program allows students to major in traditional departments while
taking a diverse series of courses in an integrated, interdisciplinary
examination of the environment. The program is designed so that students will
grow to realize the complexity of issues and perspectives and to appreciate that
many of the environmental issues lack distinct, sharp-edged boundaries. The
goal is to aid students in becoming well-informed, environmentally-literate
citizens of the planet who have the capacity to become active participants in
their communities ranging from the local to the global scale. To this end, the
program is designed to develop abilities to think in interdisciplinary ways and
to use holistic-synthetic approaches in solving problems while incorporating the
knowledge and experiences they have gained by majoring in other departments at
the College.
The CES maintains and operates the 2450-acre Hopkins Memorial Forest and
its Rosenburg Center field station, 1.5 miles from campus. The Environmental
Science Laboratory in the new Morley Science Laboratory is a joint venture
between the CES and the science division at Williams.
During 2000-2001 Professors Art and Fox continued their collaboration of
using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to study
vegetation and landscape changes in the Hopkins Memorial Forest. Professors
Henry Art and David Dethier taught a course in Remote Sensing and GIS in the new
GIS laboratory located in 007 Schow Science Library. Professor Joan Edwards
continued as director of the Hopkins Memorial Forest and Professor David Dethier
supervised activities in the Environmental Science Laboratory.
Professor Art continued to teach the Environmental Planning and the Senior
Tutorial in Ecology during 2000-2001. For the past three years he has been
serving as the Director of the Center for Environmental Studies and will be
going on a yearlong sabbatical on 1 July 2001. During 2000 he published an
article: Art, H.W. 2000, The Finest Fragments. New England Wild Flower 4: 26-27.
During the past year, he gave a colloquium on land-use impacts on biotic
succession of the Hopkins Memorial Forest at Trinity College and seminars native
plant distributions to the Appalachian Mountain Club and the Biology Department
at UMASS-Boston
The Geoscience major is designed to provide an understanding of the
physical and biological evolution of the earth and its surrounding ocean and
atmosphere. Internal forces drive the development of mountain ranges and ocean
basins. Waves, rivers, glaciers and wind shape the surface of the earth,
providing the landscapes we see today. Fossils encased in sedimentary rocks
supply evidence for the evolution of life and record the history of the earth.
Four introductory courses open to all students include GEOS 101, Biodiversity in
Geologic Time, GEOS 102, An Unfinished Planet; GEOS 103, Environmental Geology
and the Earth’s Surface; and GEOS 104, Oceanography. A special course
limited to twelve fist-year students, GEOS 105, Geology Outdoors, presents
geology through fieldwork and small group discussions. Courses in the major are
designed to provide a foundation for a professional career in the earth
sciences, a background for commercial activity such as the marketing of energy
or mineral resources, or simply an appreciation of our human heritage and
physical environment as part of a liberal arts education. Students often choose
electives so as to concentrate in a particular field: for example, environmental
geology, oceanography, stratigraphy and sedimentation, or petrology and
structural geology. In addition, GEO 200, Weather and Climate Change; GEOS 206,
Geological Sources of Energy; and GEOS 208, Water and the Environment, offer
surveys of these areas for both non-majors and majors, and especially for
students interested in environmental studies.
History of Science, fundamentally an interdisciplinary subject,
traces the historical development of the social relations between science and
society as well as the development and mutual influence of scientific concepts.
The “external” approach emphasizes the relations between science and
society, attempting to relate changes and developments in each to the other.
The “internal” approach concerns primarily the ways in which
technical ideas, concepts, techniques, and problems in science developed and
influenced each other. Courses offered in the History of Science Program
introduce students who do not major in a science to the content and power of the
scientific and technological ideas and forces which have in the past transformed
western civilization and which are today transforming cultures the world over.
Science majors are introduced to the historical richness and variety of
scientific activity, as well as to how that activity reflects upon the changing
nature of science itself and upon science’s relationship to society as a
whole.
The major program in Mathematics is designed to meet two goals:
introducing some of the central ideas in a variety of areas in mathematics, and
developing problem-solving ability by teaching students to combine creative
thinking with rigorous reasoning. The math major includes special
recommendations to students interested in applied mathematics or other sciences,
engineering, graduate school in mathematics, statistics, actuarial science, and
teaching. The major requires calculus, a course in applied/discrete mathematics
or statistics, three core courses in algebra and analysis, electives, a senior
seminar, and participation in the undergraduate colloquium.
Neuroscience is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field concerned
with understanding the relationship between brain, mind, and behavior. The
interdisciplinary nature of the field is apparent when surveying those who call
themselves neuroscientists. Among these are anatomists, physiologists,
chemists, psychologists, philosophers, computer scientists, linguists, and
ethnologists. Combining this wide range of disciplines and areas of research
for the study of a single remarkably complex organ, the brain, requires a unique
interdisciplinary approach. The Neuroscience Program is designed to provide
students with the opportunity to explore this approach. It consists of five
courses, including an introductory course, three electives, and a senior course.
In addition, students are required to take two courses, BIOL 101, and PSYC 101,
as prerequisites to the program. NSCI 201, Introduction to Neuroscience,
is the basic course and provides the background for other neuroscience courses.
Ideally, this will be taken in the first or second year. Either BIOL 101 or
PSYC 101 serves as the prerequisite. Electives are designed to provide in-depth
coverage including laboratory experience in specific areas of neuroscience. At
least one elective course is required in Biology Group A and in Psychology Group
B. The third elective course may also come from Group A or Group B, or may be
selected from offerings in other departments. NSCI 401, Topics in
Neuroscience, is designed to provide an integrative culminating experience.
Most students will take this course in the senior year.
The major program in Physics serves as preparation for further work
in pure or applied physics, other sciences, engineering, medical research,
science teaching and writing, and other careers requiring insight into the
fundamental principles of nature. Physics students experiment with the
phenomena by which the physical world is known, and the mathematical techniques
and theories that make sense of it. They become well grounded in the
fundamentals of the discipline: classical mechanics, electrodynamics and optics,
thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, and quantum mechanics. In addition,
many students take special courses on such topics as condensed matter physics
and electronics. Typically, about half of our physics majors do senior honors
projects, in which the student works together with a faculty member in either
experimental or theoretical research.
The fourteen regular faculty members of the Psychology Department
offer a wide variety of curricular and research opportunities to both major and
non-major students. Courses are grouped into the areas of behavioral
neuroscience, cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology,
clinical psychology, and health psychology. After completing PSYC 101,
Introductory Psychology, majors follow a sequence of preparation in the
PSYC 200 level, advanced PSYC 300 level courses, and a senior seminar. A
variety of research opportunities are offered through independent study, senior
thesis work and the Bronfman Summer Science Program. The psychology major
provides sound preparation for graduate study in both academic and professional
fields of psychology and is increasingly relevant to careers in business, law,
and medicine.
Science and Technology Studies (STS) is an interdisciplinary program
concerned with science and technology and their relationship to society.
Relatively less concerned with distant historical development and philosophical
understanding of the ideas and institutions of science and technology, Science
and Technology Studies focus more on current ethical, economic, social and
political implications. Although many of us acknowledge that science and
technology has played a major role in shaping modern industrial societies, few
of us, including scientists and engineers, possess any critical or informed
understanding of how that process has occurred. We do not have much knowledge
of the complex technical and social interactions that direct change in either
science or society. The STS program is intended to help students interested in
these questions create a coherent course of study from a broad range of
perspectives provided in the curriculum. Courses examine the history of
philosophy of science and technology, the sociology and psychology of science,
the economics of research and development and technological change, science and
public policy, technology assessment, technology and the environment,
scientometrics and ethical value issues. To complete the requirements of the
program, students must complete six courses. The introductory course and senior
seminar are required and three elective courses are chosen from the list of
designated electives. Students may choose to concentrate their electives in a
single area such as Technology, American Studies, Philosophy, History of
Science, Economics, Environment, Current Science or Current Technology, but are
encouraged to take at least one elective in History, History of Science or
Philosophy. The sixth course necessary to complete the program is one semester
of laboratory or field science in addition to the College's three-course science
requirement.
Winter
Study Science Offerings
The January Winter Study Period (WSP) at Williams offers a unique
opportunity for concentrated study and research in science. It is particularly
valuable for senior thesis research students who are able to devote their full
time for a month to their developing projects. Many departments also offer
research opportunities to sophomores and juniors during WSP. Projects of lesser
complexity than senior thesis projects also are undertaken, often with guidance
from more experienced students as well as the supervising faculty member. In
addition, the science departments offer many interesting and unusual
opportunities to students regardless of whether they intend a science major.
Full descriptions of science WSP offerings can be found in the Williams College
Bulletin. A few highlights of the 2001 WSP science offerings are given
below:
ASTR 011: Leadership in Astronomy: From Copernicus to
Hubble and the Age of the Universe (Same as EXPR 011)
Progress in understanding our Universe has undergone major steps as the
result of sweeping new ideas introduced by major scientists. Copernicus, in his
book of 1543, shook the foundations of ancient science; Tycho, a few decades
later, revolutionized the idea of observing the heavens; and Kepler, in
1603-1618, completed the Copernican Revolution by removing the ancient idea that
perfect circles were necessary for orbits. Halley and Newton, starting in the
1680’s, led the world to comprehend the universality of gravity and linked
comets with planets in obeying the law of gravity. In this century, Shapley
moved the Sun out of its central place in the Universe and Hubble, in the
1920’s, found that our galaxy was only one out of many and that the
Universe is expanding all around us. In addition to studying the contributions
of these leaders, we will see how Hubble’s law of the expanding Universe
is being studied as a Key Project of the Hubble Space Telescope and how
astronomers hope to soon know accurately the cosmic distance scale and the age
of the universe. We will consider the role of NASA, the space shuttle, and
astronaut/astronomers in shaping the scientific goals.
BIOL 014: Humanity: The Next Generation
This course will explore recent progress in genetic, reproductive, and
developmental technologies. We'll discuss the science as well as the social
controversies associated with genetic screening, gene therapy, fetal and animal
tissue transplantation, human embryo manipulation, and assisted-reproduction
technologies. What advances capture our imaginations? What ones make us
shudder? What are the social, economic, legal, and ethical implications of
“designing” our children, transplanting animal organs into humans,
or cloning ourselves? We’ll also examine public perceptions of these
scientific frontiers as evidenced in newspapers and magazine articles, science
fiction films and books, and scientific documentaries. This course will be of
interest and accessible to both biology majors and non-majors, first-year
students through seniors.
SPEC 011: Science for Kids (Sponsored by the
Chemistry Department )
Are you interested in teaching? The aim of this Winter Study Project is to
design a series of hands-on science workshops for elementary school children and
their parents. Working in groups of two to four students, they spend the first
three weeks of Winter Study planning the workshops. This involves deciding on a
focus for each workshop based on the interests of the students involved,
followed by choosing and designing experiments and presentations that will be
suitable for 4th grade children. On the third weekend of Winter Study, we bring
elementary school children with their parents to Williams to participate in the
workshops.
GEOS 025: Baja California Field Geology
This course provides practical field experience in paleontology,
stratigraphy, and tectonics as focused on the geological history of the Gulf of
California. The present-day pattern of tectonics found in the gulf defines the
adjacent peninsula as a mobile terrane that progressively shifted northward
along a divergent plate boundary during the last 3.5 million years. Prior to
that time, however, the protogulf opened by simple extension that involved only
east-west expansion comparable to the Basin and Range Province of the American
southwest. The Pliocene Epoch (from 5-1.8 million years ago) is a critical time
interval during which the regional style of tectonics was altered to its present
status. The gulf’s evolution is well represented in Baja California by
coastal deposits spanning much of the Pliocene. Large tracts of Pliocene shore
deposits (studied by previous research teams from Williams College) show no
signs of structural adjustment to this transformation in tectonic regime.
Instead, coastal accommodation appears to have occurred at specific loci marked
by the development of volcanic centers that are spaced well apart. Participants
in this project will learn how to identify fossils, measure stratigraphic
sections, and map fault zones in Pliocene sedimentary rocks associated with the
Cerro Mencenares volcanic center near Loreto, in Baja California Sur
(Mexico).
Participants will assemble in Los Angeles for a group flight to Loreto
(Capitol of the Californias), where orientation will take place. The ensuing
field course will be organized as a camping expedition to El Mangle on the gulf
coast about 25 km north of Loreto. Participants should expect primitive
conditions and should be willing to contribute to the duties of communal camp
life. The final goal will be accomplished as a group exercise leading to a
geological map of Pliocene relationships on the south and east flanks of Cerro
Mencenares. Time permitting, other geological localities in Baja California Sur
may be visited
MATH 013: Sports and Stats
Who is the greatest center fielder of all time? Do basketball players get
a hot hand? Will women's marathon times eventually equal or exceed men's times?
In this course, we address sports questions like these using statistical
analyses. Course participants do not need a formal statistical background,
since many analyses require only general statistical concepts that can be easily
learned in the course. A large part of the course will be devoted to course
members' oral presentations of analyses of sports questions of their choosing.
Additionally, there will be reading assignments and several short projects.
PHYS 015: Electronics
Electronic instruments are an indispensable part of modern laboratory work
throughout the sciences. This course will cover the basics of analog electronic
circuits, including transistors and operational amplifiers, and will briefly
introduce digital circuits. Students will build and test a variety of circuits
chosen to illustrate the kinds of electronic devices and design problems a
scientist is apt to encounter. In the last week, students will design and build
a final project, or will write a 10-page paper.
PSYC 013: Mental Illness in Film
This course examines the depiction of mental illness and the therapeutic
process on the silver screen. How do films influence our perceptions of
normality and abnormality? How do they shape our beliefs about the
causes of mental illness, as well as our expectations about the
content and process of treatment? Films have the potential to
serve a variety of functions, ranging from a form of advocacy for the mentally
ill to a mechanism for furthering stigma and intolerance. In this course, we
will sample a variety of powerful films (both contemporary and classic)
representing multiple perspectives on mental illness. During the first half of
the course we will view films as a group, explore their explicit and implicit
messages about mental illness, and contrast their media portrayal with
empirically based clinical research. In the second half of the course, students
will focus their attention on a clinical disorder of personal interest.
Students will view two films that pertain to that disorder, and compare the
cinematic depiction with more “real-world” clinical manifestations
as described in current research literature. Students will present their
projects to the larger group during the final week of winter study.